How COVID-19 differs from other infectious lung diseases at cell-level decoded

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 Using advanced analysis tools, scientists have revealed at single-cell resolution, how the novel coronavirus infection affects lung tissue in severe cases, compared to other diseases which affect the organ, an advance which will cause the event of the latest therapeutics against COVID-19.


In the study, published within the journal Nature, scientists analyzed over 6,50,000 cells from patients who had died of severe COVID-19, acute bacterial pneumonia, or bacterial or influenza-related acute respiratory distress syndrome, and from those that had had no lung disease.

The findings confirmed that cells called alveolar epithelial cells, which mediate gas-exchange function within the lungs, are the most targets of infection by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 that causes COVID-19.

"COVID-19 may be a complex disease, and that we still don't understand exactly what it does to tons of organs, but with this study, we were ready to develop a way clearer understanding of its effects on the lungs," said study co-author Olivier Elemento from Weill Cornell Medicine within the US.

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Based on the analysis, the scientists said infected cells aren't solely singled out for attack by lung-infiltrating immune cells, which could explain why inflammation often keeps worsening in severe COVID-19 and finishes up causing such extensive and comparatively indiscriminate damage.

According to the researchers, white blood cells called macrophages are far more abundant within the lungs of severe COVID-19 patients compared to other lung diseases, whereas white blood cells called neutrophils are most prevalent in bacterial pneumonia.

"The application of technology like what we've demonstrated here goes to supply an enormous boost to the utility of autopsy-based studies of disease," said study co-senior author Alain Borczuk, professor of pathology and laboratory medicine at Weill Cornell Medicine.

The scientists believe the excellence between different infection pathologies revealed by the study may help in the development of future treatments for these diseases.

"Traditionally for lung, liver, and other organ diseases we have these broad diagnoses that actually cover multiple distinct diseases -- now we have a tool which will enable us routinely to differentiate among these different diseases, and hopefully make use of these distinctions in treating patients more effectively," said Robert Schwartz, another co-author of the study from Weill Cornell Medicine.

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